REM Sleep Modulates Future Food Intake in Mice

Despite our broad understanding of the different brain regions activated during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, little is known about what this activity serves for. Researchers at the University of Bern and the Inselspital have now discovered that the activation of neurons in the hypothalamus during REM sleep regulates eating behavior: suppressing this activity in mice decreases appetite.

Among the brain regions that show strong activation during REM sleep are areas that regulate memory functions or emotion, for instance. The lateral hypothalamus, a tiny, evolutionarily well conserved brain structure in all mammals, also shows high activity during REM sleep. In the awake animals, neurons from this brain region orchestrate appetite and the consumption of food and they are involved in the regulation of motivated behaviors and addiction.

In a new study, researchers headed Antoine Adamantidis, PhD, a professor at the University of Bern, set out to investigate the function of the activity of hypothalamic neurons in mice during REM sleep. They aimed at better understanding how neural activation during REM sleep influences our day-to-day behavior. They discovered that suppressing the activity of these neurons decreases the amount of food the mice consume. “This suggests that REM sleep is necessary to stabilize food intake,” says Adamantidis in a release. The results of this study have been published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

Long-lasting Effect on Neuronal Activity & Feeding Behavior

The researcher discovered that specific activity patterns of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus that usually signal eating in the awake mouse are also present when the animals were in the stage of REM sleep. To assess the importance of these activity patterns during REM sleep the research group used a technique called optogenetics, with which they used light pulses to precisely shut down the activity of hypothalamic neurons during REM sleep. As a result, the researchers found that the activity patterns for eating were modified and that the animals consumed less food.

“We were surprised how strongly and persistently our intervention affected the neural activity in the lateral hypothalamus and the behavior of the mice,” says Lukas Oesch, the first author of the study, in a release. “The modification in the activity patterns was still measurable after four days of regular sleep.” These findings suggest that electrical activity in hypothalamic circuits during REM sleep are highly plastic and essential to maintain a stable feeding behaviour in mammals.

Question of Quality

These findings point out that sleep quantity alone is not solely required for our well-being, but that sleep quality plays a major role in particular to maintain appropriate eating behavior. “This is of particular relevance in our society where not only sleep quantity decreases but where sleep quality is dramatically affected by shift work, late night screen exposure, or social jet-lag in adolescents,” Adamantidis says.

The discovered link between the activity of the neurons during REM sleep and eating behavior may help developing new therapeutical approaches to treat eating disorders. It might also be relevant for motivation and addiction. “However, this relationship might depend on the precise circuitry, the sleep stage and other factors yet to be uncovered,” Adamantidis says.

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